Cats, Qubits, and Clouds - 
The Quantum Future






 (keynote)

A presentation at EPAM SEC in September 2018 in Minsk, Belarus by Holly Cummins

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Cats, Qubits, and Clouds The Quantum Future Dr. Holly Cummins IBM Cloud Garage World Wide Garage Development Lead IBM Q Ambassador #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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What is a Cloud Garage? Innovation as a Service #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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analytics blockchain Watson #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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IBM innovates. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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We work on the biggest challenges. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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How can we visit multiple destinations with the least amount of fuel? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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We don’t know. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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t u b , a l u m r o f e We have th s e k a t r e w s n a e h calculating t too long. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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10 cities: answer in 25 minutes #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins 16 cities: answer in 27 years

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10 cities: answer in 25 minutes #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins 16 cities: answer in 27 years

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Caffeine #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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e n i e f Caf #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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h it w s t c a r e t in g in h t y r Eve le p im s a r o F . e ls e g everythin molecule, the equation doesn’t look like this … #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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h it w s t c a r e t in g in h t y r Eve le p im s a r o F . e ls e g everythin molecule, the equation doesn’t look like this … #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins . s i h t e k i l s k o o … It l

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It’s not this … #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins . s i h t s ’ t i ….

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g n i l l e d o M s d e e n s i h t 8 4 10 #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins bits.

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1,000,000,000,000,0 00,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000 ,000,000 bits #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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If #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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If 1 bit == 1 atom #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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If 1 bit == 1 atom … #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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If 1 bit == 1 atom … e earth. th of % 0 -1 1 e s u ld We wou memory required to model caffeine #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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How can something so small be so hard? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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th w o r g l a i t n e expon #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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After one week… 127 grains of rice #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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After one month… 5,368 1kg bags #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins @holly_cummins

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After 64 days … 461 billion metric tons #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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2275 = more than there are atoms in the observable universe #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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The best supercomputer in the world can accurately simulate a 40-50 electron system. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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So we approximate. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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How good are the approximations? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Source: http://cccbdb.nist.gov

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If nature can ‘know’ what caffeine is doing, why can’t we? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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“Nature isn’t classical, dammit, and if you want to make a simulation of nature, you’d better make it quantum mechanical, and by golly, it’s a wonderful problem, because it doesn’t look so easy.” Richard P. Feynman #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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What else could a quantum computer calculate faster? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Where’s the Queen? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Where’s the Queen? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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We can search for an answer to a problem as long as it’s quick to verify correctness. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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How do quantum computers work? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Rewind How does quantum physics work? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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In 1900, everyone knew light was a wave. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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In 1905, Einstein proved light was a particle… #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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In 1905, Einstein proved light was a particle… … and a wave. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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no one could explain the photoelectric effect #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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no one could explain the photoelectric effect #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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no one could explain the photoelectric effect #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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no one could explain the photoelectric effect electricity #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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no one could explain the photoelectric effect electricity photons #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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wave-particle duality #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Those can be electrons, atoms, or even molecules! #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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The spin is both of these #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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up down #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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left right up down #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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up left right up down #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins down

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What if the electrons were vodka? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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superposition #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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superposition (“being two opposite things at the same time”) #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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conservation of momentum What happens if we have two superposed things? And they’re related? r e t t i l p s beam #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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conservation of momentum What happens if we have two superposed things? And they’re related? r e t t i l p s beam #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins measure this one

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conservation of momentum we now know what this Value will be What happens if we have two superposed things? And they’re related? r e t t i l p s beam #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins measure this one

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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random #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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not random random #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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random #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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random not random #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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random How can one particle know we measured the other one? not random #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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entanglement #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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If you find this confusing, you should. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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The physicists who discovered this were totally confused. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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“You surely must understand that the whole idea of quantum jumps necessarily leads to nonsense.” Erwin Schrödinger #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Schrödinger’s famous cat #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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“God does not play dice.” Albert Einstein Photo: Bomazi

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“… physics should represent a reality in time and space, free from spooky actions at a distance.” Albert Einstein #IBMQ @holly_cummins Photo:#ibmcloudgarage Bomazi

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quantum information #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Principle 1 A physical state that is in a definite state can still behave randomly. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Principle 1 A physical state that is in a definite state can still behave randomly. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Principle 2

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Principle 1 Principle 2 A physical state that is in a definite state can still behave randomly. Two systems that are too far apart to influence each other can still behave in ways that, although individually random, are still strongly correlated. Quantum computing is about working out how to use these two principles for a new model of computation. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Hard problems and quantum speedups blems o r P ” Hard “ “Easy” Problems Factoring Quantum “Easy” Problems uantum Q g n i t a l u Sim Mechanics #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Quantum computing provides a new path to solve some of the hardest problems in business and science.

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a classical bit #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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a quantum bit #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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a quantum bit a qubit #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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entangled qubits #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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What does a quantum computer look like? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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40K 3K This is the fridge and supporting electronics. 0.1K 0.015K #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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This circuit contains the qubits. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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What’s it good for? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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simulating chemical molecules #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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We could model caffeine using 160 qubits. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Chemical formula Classical bits Qubits Water H2O 104 14 Ethanol C2H6O 1012 42 Acetaminophen C8H9NO2 1036 120 Caffeine C8H10N3O2 1048 160 Sucrose C12H22O11 1082 274 Penicillin C16H18N2NaO4S 1086 286 Within a few years we hope to be able to exactly represent larger molecular energy states in a quantum computer.

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materials design #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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potential new lifesaving drugs #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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artificial intelligence classification machine learning linear algebra #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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portfolio optimization #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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logistics #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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IBM had the first quantum computers on the cloud. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins @holly_cummins #IBMQ

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www.research.ibm.com/ibm-qx #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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IBM Q ecosystem 85,000+ users On all 7 continents 4,400,000+ experiments 70+ external research papers Used by 1,500+ colleges and universities, 300 high schools, 300 private institutions #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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this is the algorithm behind the quantum card test Visual program construction Simulate or run on real quantum hardware #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Let’s do “hello world” https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit-tutorial/blob/master/hello_world/quantum_emoticon.ipynb #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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The result on the real quantum computer #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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The result on the real quantum computer #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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The result on the real quantum computer #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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the future #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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This was real. But it was small. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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ENIAC IBM Q Experience One of the earliest electronic general-purpose computers in 1946 First cloud quantum computing device in 2016 #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Quantum computing will evolve through distinct phases… #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Quantum computing will evolve through distinct phases… Quantum Foundations Quantum computing as the exclusive domain of research scientists #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Quantum computing will evolve through distinct phases… Quantum Foundations Quantum Ready Quantum computing as the exclusive domain of research scientists Demonstrations of quantum advantage for use cases of scientific and business value #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Quantum computing will evolve through distinct phases… Quantum Foundations Quantum Ready Quantum Advantage Quantum computing as the exclusive domain of research scientists Demonstrations of quantum advantage for use cases of scientific and business value Extracting direct value out of quantum computing for business and science #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Quantum computing will evolve through distinct phases… Quantum Foundations #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Quantum Ready Quantum Advantage

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Where are we on the road to Quantum Advantage? Quantum Foundations #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Quantum Ready Quantum Advantage

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Where are we on the road to Quantum Advantage? Quantum Foundations ~1900 #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Quantum Ready Quantum Advantage

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Where are we on the road to Quantum Advantage? Quantum Foundations Fundamentals of quantum information science Create and scale qubits with increasing coherence Create error detection and mitigation schemes ~1900 #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Quantum Ready Quantum Advantage

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Where are we on the road to Quantum Advantage? Quantum Foundations Quantum Ready Quantum Advantage Fundamentals of quantum information science Create and scale qubits with increasing coherence Create error detection and mitigation schemes ~1900 #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Launch of IBM Q Experience 2016 2020s

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Where are we on the road to Quantum Advantage? Quantum Foundations Quantum Ready Fundamentals of quantum information science Core algorithm development Increase quantum volume Create and scale qubits with increasing coherence Standardize performance benchmarks System infrastructure and software enablement Create error detection and mitigation schemes ~1900 #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Launch of IBM Q Experience 2016 Quantum Advantage 2020s

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Where are we on the road to Quantum Advantage? Quantum Foundations Quantum Ready Fundamentals of quantum information science Core algorithm development Increase quantum volume Create and scale qubits with increasing coherence Standardize performance benchmarks System infrastructure and software enablement Create error detection and mitigation schemes Launch of IBM Q Experience Quantum Advantage 2016 2020s ~1900 #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Today

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Where are we on the road to Quantum Advantage? Quantum Foundations Quantum Ready Fundamentals of quantum information science Core algorithm development Increase quantum volume Create and scale qubits with increasing coherence Standardize performance benchmarks System infrastructure and software enablement Create error detection and mitigation schemes Launch of IBM Q Experience Quantum Advantage Demonstrate an advantage to using QC for real problems of interest 2016 2020s ~1900 #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Today Extract Commercial Value Enable scientific discovery

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How many qubits do we need to see quantum improvement? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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The power of quantum computing is more than the number of qubits. Qubit quality is important. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage

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quantum volume #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage

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qubits for advantage (est)

approximate Quantum chemistry Optimization (specific) Heuristic machine learning Universal, fault-tolerant

qubits for advantage (est)

Shor’s algorithm (factoring) Big Linear Algebra Programs (FEM) #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins years to advantage (est) 102 ~103 <5 years years to advantage (est)

108 10 - 15 years (If possible)

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Interface existing classical applications Optimise to find best backend #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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conceptual compression #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Quantum as a Service #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Quantum QaaS as a Service #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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We have built the quantum computation centers of today … #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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… and are imagining the computational centers of tomorrow #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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qiskit.org #IBMQ #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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Please note IBM’s statements regarding its plans, directions, and intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice and at IBM’s sole discretion. Information regarding potential future products is intended to outline our general product direction and it should not be relied on in making a purchasing decision. The information mentioned regarding potential future products is not a commitment, promise, or legal obligation to deliver any material, code or functionality. Information about potential future products may not be incorporated into any contract. The development, release, and timing of any future features or functionality described for our products remains at our sole discretion. Performance is based on measurements and projections using standard IBM benchmarks in a controlled environment. The actual throughput or performance that any user will experience will vary depending upon many factors, including considerations such as the amount of multiprogramming in the user’s job stream, the I/O configuration, the storage configuration, and the workload processed. Therefore, no assurance can be given that an individual user will achieve results similar to those stated here. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

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#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins