A presentation at Oracle Code Explore in in Madrid, Spain by Jesse Butler
ive Microservices at Scale Next Steps in Kubernetes with Service Mesh Jesse Butler Cloud Native Advocate, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. @jlb13 cloudnative.oracle.com Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
The Old World • Proprietary systems and software were bundled and sold atomically • Independent silos arose per vendor, each with ecosystems and vendors • Systems analysts surfaced system data and implemented improvements Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
More Recent History • There were a lot of moving parts in the typical Old World IT organization • The advent of web applications made time to market a keystone metric • DevOps arose as a means of reducing friction between where software is created and where it is deployed Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Advent of DevOps • DevOps brings the concerns of development and ops together • Goal is to create a system which delivers customer satisfaction with as little friction as possible • DevOps is as much a cultural shift as it is technical Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
DevOps, Mother of Invention • Microservices • Continuous Integration • Continuous Delivery • Containers • Cloud Adoption Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Cloud Native • Migrating to the cloud is more than renting someone else’s computers • Massive migration offers an opportunity for change • Cloud Native practices align with DevOps practices • This is proven ground, thankfully Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Monolithic Applications Users Application Database Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Monolithic Applications Users Application Database Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Microservices • Microservices are the de facto standard for cloud native software • Microservices allow development teams to deploy portable and scalable applications • Microservices can be difficult to manage and monitor, putting burden on Ops and DevOps alike Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Microservices Users Cart Orders Reports Database Cluster Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Adopting Microservices • Microservices do one thing as simply as possibly • Promotion of single responsibility principle (or the UNIX Philosophy) • Microservices should be idempotent and stateless • Applications can and do have state, services should be stateless Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Docker • Docker changed the way we build and ship software • Application and host are decoupled, making application services portable • Containers are an implementation detail, but a critical one Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Using Docker • Docker is used in production at massive scale every day • Interactively, a development utility for creating containers and container images • Dockerfile defines content of a container and its runtime configuration • ‘docker build. –tag data_service:1.0’ Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Docker Is a Start But, once we abstract the host away by using containers, we no longer have our hands on an organized platform. Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Kubernetes Kubernetes provides abstractions for deploying software in containers at scale Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Kubernetes as a Platform • Infrastructure resource abstraction • Cluster software where one or more masters control worker nodes • Scheduler deploys work to the nodes • Work is deployed in groups of containers Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Using Kubernetes • Deployments are defined in YAML • We define what images to use to create our containers, configuration elements, how many instances to run • Kubernetes makes it happen, and keeps it all running as defined • ‘kubectl create -f’ and glory awaits Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Working with OKE and OCIR on OCI OCI Registry OCI Container Engine for Kubernetes Cluster Management Encryption for Data in Transit (SSL) and at Rest HA - 3 Masters/etcd across 3 ADs OKE Dashboard in OCI Console Customer’s OCI Account/Tenancy VM based Clusters and Nodes Bare Metal Clusters and Nodes Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Oracle Managed Customer Managed Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Migration from the Old World… Users Application Database Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
…to Cloud Native Kubernetes Hotness • Microservices running in orchestrated containers • Everybody’s happy • What happens now? Load balancer Service Service Service Database Queue Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Day Two Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Table Stakes for Services at Cloud Scale • We require a method to simply and repeatably deploy software and reliably modify those deployments • We require telemetry, observability, and diagnosability for our software if we hope to run at cloud scale Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Day 2 Solutions • Ingress and Traffic Management • Tracing and Observability • Metrics and Analytics • Identity and Security Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Abstract Requirements • Traffic Management • Observability • Security • Identity & Policy Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Hard Things are Hard These are Hard Problems, and some software may address one of them well. Service mesh has an opportunity to address them all. Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Let’s Talk About Service Mesh Connect, secure, control and observe services at scale, often requiring no service code modification Though many options exist, Linkerd and Istio are the two main projects Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Service Mesh • Infrastructure layer for controlling and monitoring service-to-service traffic • Data plane deployed alongside application services, control plane used to manage the mesh • Greatly simplifies service implementation offering transparent service discovery, automated retries, timeouts and more Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Service Mesh is Not an API Gateway API Gateways deal with north-south traffic, inbound to your cluster Service Mesh is concerned with east-west traffic, between your services within your cluster Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Service Mesh Architecture • Both Istio and Linkerd use a sidecar pattern, adding a proxy container for each pod added to the mesh • Each proxy instance manages traffic for its pod, and is fully configurable • This vantagepoint is what gives a service mesh its power – it sees and knows all Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Sidecar Proxy Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Sidecar Proxy Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Sidecar Proxy HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2 gRPC or TPC With or without mTLS Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Traffic Management • Each service deployed within the mesh has a proxy instance • Each proxy can be fully configured based upon our needs • Effectively, we can move and manipulate traffic as needed Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Traffic Management Details with Istio foo:v1 Deployment VirtualService Pod foo:v1 DestinationRule foo:v2 Pod foo:v2 • ‘foo’ service routed through ‘foo’ VirtualService • DestinationRules for ‘foo:v1’ and ‘foo:v2’ pods, with weights Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Leveraging Traffic Shifting • Manage traffic in an informed way • Take advantage of zero-downtime changes in routing between versions • We can automate deployments of any kind – Canary deployments – Blue/Green deployments – Whatever we want Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13 35
Observability • Metrics – Aggregate data regarding the behavior of a thing over time • Tracing – Instrumentation which provides an instance of an action, traversing the entire stack • Logging – Developer breadcrumbs we leave to give context for a certain code path Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Triaging Issues • Metrics must be implemented and scraped for analytic use • Tracing are implemented on a per-span basis • Logs are provided by the developer, a gift they give their future selves Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Service Mesh Brings Observability Gifts • All traffic in the mesh is routed through the proxies • Metrics and traces can be taken “for free”, with no modifications to code • Specific traces and metrics must be implemented of course • A lot of issues can be triaged with boundary tracing Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Security • Deploying services in containers requires careful provisioning, build and deployment practices • There are options to leverage in both CI/CD and registry scanning • Once services are deployed in the wild, they are on their own Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Security • Istio and Linkerd are capable of creating a zero-touch, zero-trust network • Services within your cluster authenticate via the mesh • Leveraging mTLS, the cluster is transparently hardened and protected from many types of attacks Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Let’s Look at Istio Istio a service mesh for Kubernetes that allows us to connect, secure, control and observe services at scale, often requiring no service code modification. Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Istio Features • Traffic Management – Fine-grained control with rich routing rules, retries, failovers, and fault injection • Observability – Automatic metrics, logs, and traces for all traffic within a cluster, including cluster ingress and egress Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Istio Features • Security – Strong identity-based AuthN and AuthZ layer, secure by default for ingress, egress and service-to-service traffic • Policy – Extensible policy engine supporting access controls, rate limits and quotas Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Istio Components • Envoy – Sidecar proxy • Pilot – Propagates rules to sidecars • Mixer – Enforces access control, collects telemetry data • Citadel – Service-to-service and end-user AuthN and AuthZ Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Envoy High performance proxy which mediates inbound and outbound traffic. • Dynamic service discovery • Load balancing • TLS termination • HTTP/2 and gRPC proxies • Circuit breakers • Health checks • Split traffic • Fault injection • Rich metrics Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Istio Architecture Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Using Istio • istioctl, cli for mesh admin • Kiali – dashboard BUI • Configure services with typical Kubernetes workflows - CRDs • Sidecar auto-injection is optional Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Let’s Look at Linkerd Linkerd is an ultralight service mesh for Kubernetes and other orchestration platforms Linkerd2 has a wholly reimplemented proxy and is built for low latency and massive scaling Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Linkerd Features • Deep runtime diagnostics – Comprehensive suite of diagnostic tools, including automatic service dependency maps and live traffic samples • Actionable service metrics – Allows you to monitor golden metrics—success rate, request volume, and latency— for every service and define response Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Linkerd Features • Simple, minimalist design – No complex APIs or configuration. For most applications, Linkerd will “just work” out of the box • Ultralight and ultra fast – Built in Rust, Linkerd’s data plane proxies are incredibly small (<10 mb) and blazing fast (p99 < 1ms) Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Linkerd Components Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Using Linkerd • Linkerd CLI utilities – Routes, stats, tap, profiles • Unified dashboard • Configure services with typical Kubernetes workflows - CRDs • Automated sidecar injection optional Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Linkerd or Istio? Or Aspen Mesh or Consul or… • Superficially speaking… – Istio for depth and features – Linkerd for simplicity and ease-of-use – Others might be interesting as well • Service Mesh Interface Specification may help lessen the burden • Any choice is better than no choice! Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
Thanks! cloudnative.oracle.com @jlb13 Copyright © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. @jlb13
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