Cats, Qubits, and Clouds The Quantum Future Dr. Holly Cummins IBM Cloud Garage World Wide Garage Development Lead IBM Q Ambassador @holly_cummins #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

How can we visit multiple destinations with the least amount of fuel? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

We don’t know. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

We have the formula, but calculating the answer takes too long. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

10 cities: answer in 16 cities: answer in 25 minutes 27 years #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

10 cities: answer in 16 cities: answer in 25 minutes 27 years #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

Caffeine #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

Everything interacts with everything else. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

Everything interacts with everything else. For a simple molecule, the equation doesn’t look like this … #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

Everything interacts with everything else. For a simple molecule, the equation doesn’t look like this … … it looks like this. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

It’s not this … ….it’s this. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

we all know from software development, handling big problems is hard unless … … we can break them down into small problems

we all know from software development, handling big problems is hard unless … … we can break them down into small problems

Modelling this needs 48 10 bits. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

1,000,000,000,000,0 00,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000 ,000,000 bits #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

If #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

If 1 bit == 1 atom #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

If 1 bit == 1 atom … #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

If 1 bit == 1 atom … We would use 1-10% of the earth. memory required to model caffeine #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

How can something so small be so hard? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

exponential growth #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

The best supercomputer in the world can accurately simulate a 40-50 electron system. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

So we approximate. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

How good are the approximations? #IBMQ#ibmcloudgarage #ibmcloudgarage@holly_cummins @holly_cummins #IBMQ Source: http://cccbdb.nist.gov

If nature has a lot of computational complexity, can we use it for computations?

yes (for some categories of problems)

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

Where’s the Queen? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

Where’s the Queen? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

We can search for an answer to a problem as long as it’s quick to verify correctness. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

how do quantum computers work? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

superposition #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

superposition (“being two opposite things at the same time”) #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

Schrödinger’s famous cat #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

entanglement #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

random #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

not random random #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

random #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

random not random #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

random How can one particle know we measured the other one? not random #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

A physical state that is in a definite state can still behave randomly. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

A physical state that is in a definite state can still behave randomly. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Two systems that are too far apart to influence each other can still behave in ways that, although individually random, are still strongly correlated.

A physical state that is in a definite state can still behave randomly. Two systems that are too far apart to influence each other can still behave in ways that, although individually random, are still strongly correlated. Quantum computing is about working out how to use these two principles for a new model of computation. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

If you find this confusing, you should. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

The physicists who discovered this were totally confused. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

“You surely must understand that the whole idea of quantum jumps necessarily leads to nonsense.” #IBMQ Schrödinger #ibmcloudgarage Erwin @holly_cummins

“… physics should represent a reality in time and space, free from spooky actions at a distance.” “God does not play dice.” #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage Albert Einstein #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Photo: Bomazi

“… physics should represent a reality in time and space, free from spooky actions at a distance.” “… physics should represent a reality in time and space, free from spooky actions at a distance.” #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage Albert Einstein #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Photo: Bomazi

you can completely ignore the physics

quantum information #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

a classical bit #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

a quantum bit #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

aaquantum qubit bit #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

aaquantum qubit bit a superposition of 0 and 1 #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

entangled qubits #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

What does a quantum computer look like? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

40K This is the fridge and supporting electronics. 3K 0.1K 0.015K #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

The fridge is surprisingly pretty. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

This circuit contains the qubits. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

IBM had the first quantum computers on the cloud. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

www.research.ibm.com/ibm-qx #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

demo-time #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

The result on the real quantum computer #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

The result on the real quantum computer #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

The result on the real quantum computer #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

#IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0011101100101001 0011101110101001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0011101000101001 0011101010101001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8) 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :) ;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8) 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :) ;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

we can’t represent this system as a product of simpler matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8) 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :) ;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

we can’t represent this system as a product of simpler matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8) 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :) ;) . . . . . . . . . it is computationally complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

What’s it good for? #IBMQ#ibmcloudgarage #ibmcloudgarage@holly_cummins @holly_cummins #IBMQ

blems o r P ” Hard “ “Easy” Problems Factoring Quantum “Easy” Problems uantum Q g n i t a l u Sim Mechanics #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Quantum computing provides a new path to solve some of the hardest problems in business and science.

simulating chemical molecules #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

We could model caffeine using 160 qubits. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

materials design #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

potential new lifesaving drugs #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

artificial intelligence classification machine learning linear algebra #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

portfolio optimization #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

logistics #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

the future #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

This was real. But it was small. #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

IBM Q Experience in 2016 First cloud quantum computing device #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

ENIAC IBM Q Experience in 2016 One of the earliest electronic general-purpose computers in 1946 First cloud quantum computing device #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

ENIAC IBM Q Experience in 2016 One of the earliest electronic general-purpose computers in 1946 First cloud quantum computing device #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

Introducing the IBM Q System One The world’s “first universal approximate quantum computing system installed outside of a research lab”. Quantum Computing and IBM Q: An Introduction #IBMQ

Quantum computing will evolve through distinct phases… Quantum Foundations Quantum computing as the exclusive domain of research scientists #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins Quantum Ready Demonstrations of quantum advantage for use cases of scientific and business value Quantum Advantage Extracting direct value out of quantum computing for business and science

How many qubits do we need to see quantum advantage? #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

qubits for advantage (est)

approximate Quantum chemistry Optimization (specific) Heuristic machine learning Universal, fault-tolerant

qubits for advantage (est)

Shor’s algorithm (factoring) Big Linear Algebra Programs (FEM) #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins years to advantage (est) 102 ~103 <5 years years to advantage (est)

108 10 - 15 years (If possible)

We have built the quantum computation centers of today … #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

… and are imagining the computational centers of tomorrow #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins

qiskit.org #IBMQ #IBMQ #ibmcloudgarage @holly_cummins